In our One Health approach, we bring a new vision of the infectious disease biology, a continuum from the etiological agent study to the host immunity considering the environment and the vectors.
the Labex IBEID aims to cover all the research areas in a One Health approach, we defined five major axes to:
Transversally, Labex IBEID supports the development of a high-level technological environment constantly updated to ensure that all partners have access to the best equipment.
The Labex IBEID network of experts is at the frontline to identify the next scientific talents and anticipate future needed expertise in France. To structure the Emerging Infectious Diseases research field, we developed three key actions:
This structuring action of Labex IBEID aims to identify and support young talents and senior experts to address the upcoming challenges of emerging infectious diseases.
Frédéric Barras
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Adaptation au stress et Métabolisme chez les entérobactéries (SAMe)
We study how a broad range of basic functional processes are modified, and potentially coordinated, to control cellular homeostasis. Our research primarily uses E. coli as a model, but the concepts will also be tested on pathogens such as Salmonella or Shigella. Focusing on two global cellular processes, Fe-S cluster biogenesis and lipid homeostasis, allows us to study the impact of stress on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, cell envelope homeostasis and membrane, redox changes, nutrient limitation, metabolic stress and antibiotics.
Molecular, biochemical and genetic approaches, as well as cutting-edge technologies (-omics, imaging, single-cell analysis), aim to achieve an integrated and mechanistic vision of the bacterial cell. Multiplying and diversifying the ways of approaching a process is very rewarding, and we collaborate with biochemists, structuralists, chemists, biophysicists, bioinformaticians and phylogeneticists.
David Bikard
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Biologie de Synthèse
The Synthetic Biology Group investigates genetic systems that emerge as a result of the arms race between bacteria and bacteriophages, and how these systems can be harnessed as novel biotechnological tools. Bacteriophages, the viruses of bacteria, impose a constant selective pressure on bacteria to evolve resistance mechanisms. The investigation of anti-phage systems has led to the discovery of fascinating molecular mechanisms. Some of these systems, such as restriction-methylation systems and CRISPR-Cas systems, have been harnessed into powerful molecular tools. Our laboratory works both on fundamental aspects of bacteria – phage interactions, and on the development of novel technologies to better study and control bacteria.
Simon Cauchemez
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Modélisation Mathématique des Maladies Infectieuses
The main research objective of our unit is to develop state-of-the-art statistical and mathematical methods to address these challenges, with the aim to increase the understanding of how pathogens spread in populations, assess the impact of interventions, support policy making and optimize control strategies. Our approach is highly multidisciplinary, looking at infectious diseases through multiple perspectives (epidemiology, statistics, modelling, surveillance, public health, policy making, microbiology), multiple scales (intra-host, person-to-person transmission, spread at the local/national/international level) and multiple data streams (epidemiological, demographic, climatic, genomic, social media). We work closely with public health agencies in France and abroad to ensure our assessments can inform the public health response to epidemics.
Nolwenn Dheilly
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Découverte de Pathogènes
Our main objective is to discover, characterize and demonstrate the role of new or unexpected infectious agents in clinical syndromes of unknown or poorly characterized etiology, including agents of zoonoses. Our three main missions are to identify factors that drive virus diversification and host jump, to identify zoonotic viruses and characterize the pathogenicity of viruses infecting humans. We thereby identify and characterize unknown viruses and also uncover unknown links between viruses in humans and animal reservoirs (wildlife, arthropod vectors and parasites). This ultimately leads to a better understanding of the epidemiological, clinical and pathophysiological features of diseases and, when possible, to novel diagnostic tests and targeted therapy.
Guillaume Duménil
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Pathogenèse des infections vasculaires
We study the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis (or meningococcus), a Gram-negative bacterium that recapitulates these different pathological effects. Outstanding questions in terms of understanding N. meningitidis pathogenesis include: how do bacteria cross the epithelium and reach the bloodstream? How do they survive in the blood? How do they damage vessels and reach the cerebrospinal fluid (i.e. cause septic shock and meningitis)? These questions open broader studies regarding tissue biology, bacterial adaptation to different environments and basic functions of the innate immune system. We address these questions at different scales.
Eugene Gladyshev
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Epigénétique et Génétique Moléculaire
We are interested in discovering and characterizing new mechanisms that organize DNA in the nucleus. We are especially interested in understanding cytogenetic phenomena that apparently involve sequence-specific interactions between intact segments of chromosomal DNA. Such processes are remarkably ubiquitous, yet their molecular nature remains one of the most enigmatic unanswered questions in biology. Current & prospective projects in the lab include (i) discovering molecular factors that recognize repetitive DNA in Neurospora crassa, (ii) elucidating the mechanism of recruitment of DIM-5 to repetitive DNA in N. crassa, (iii) further understanding the DNA homology requirements for RIP and MSUD in N. crassa, (iv) using a range of imaging techniques to characterize the state of chromatin in the premeiotic nuclei of N. crassa, and (v) dissecting the role of heterochromatin during the invasive growth of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.
Mathilde Gendrin
G5 Groupe de recherche junior
Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs
Our laboratory is based at the Institut Pasteur of Guyana. We are interested in the microbes naturally present in the mosquito’s organs (microbiota) and their influence on the mosquito. In particular, we study how the microbiota affects the mosquito’s ability to transmit diseases, particularly malaria.
We focus on the Anopheles darlingi mosquito, the main vector of malaria in the Americas region, which is still very poorly characterized despite its importance to public health.
Louis Lambrechts
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Interactions Virus-Insectes
Our lab investigates the ecology, evolution and genetics of insect-virus interactions to advance our basic understanding of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmission by mosquitoes
Why is there variation in the ability of mosquitoes to transmit human pathogens and what causes this variation? Our research addresses these questions using the tools of genomics, quantitative genetics, and evolutionary ecology. Our primary study system is the transmission of dengue and Zika viruses by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. A major emphasis of the lab is to develop experimental approaches that account for the complexity of natural systems, where genetically diverse populations of mosquitoes interact with a wide variety of viruses, in a variable environment.
Giulia Manina
G5 Groupe de recherche junior
Individualité Microbienne et Infection
The group is primarily focused on tuberculosis, one of the deadliest human infections and a major a global health emergency . The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an airborne slow growing microorganism (about 24 hours optimal generation time), which has established a robust association with its host over the course of coevolution. Our group is interested in investigating the molecular basis and the effects of cell-to-cell phenotypic heterogeneity. Is phenotypic heterogeneity crucial to modulate mycobacterial fitness and adaptation during infection? Is there any significant interplay among distinct subpopulations? What is the impact of the microenvironments towards mycobacterial diversification? To answer these and associated questions, we employ a multidisciplinary approach. We use on the one hand classical genetics and conventional microbiology and cell biology assays, and on the other hand single-cell techniques, including FACS and real-time epifluorescent microscopy in combination with custom-built microfluidic systems.
Damien Vitour
Partenaire du Labex IBEID
Laboratoire de Santé Animale - Virologie
This Joint Research Unit investigates zoonotic or epizootic virus of major human and veterinary public health importance. The scientific strategy includes fundamental questions regarding the biology of viral agents but also applied research on epidemiology, vaccinology and mechanisms of interactions between virus and host cell. As example, this unit evaluates original diagnostic tools for epidemiological surveillance and phylogenic studies of animal viruses. Special focuses are made on orbivirus, picornaviruses, neurovirology of zoonoses, enteric viruses, species barriers, adenovirus-derived vectors and Vaccines.
Michael White
G5 Groupe de recherche junior
Epidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses
Our inter-disciplinary team bring together diverse skill sets spanning mathematical modelling and statistics, molecular and serological assays, and the implementation of field-based epidemiological studies and clinical trials. We aim to use these tools to develop novel diagnostics for multiple infectious diseases ranging from malaria to SARS-CoV-2.
This unique IBEID fellowship program is dedicated to supporting the transition of senior postdoctoral researchers to permanent researcher status, leveraging the mentorship of the principal investigator.
Funding for Collaborative Projects from Labex IBEID to Create Synergies Between Different Expertises and Explore New Research Themes.
Understanding the Effect of Plasma Lipoproteins on Dengue Virus Acquisition by Mosquitoes
The Immunological and Genetic Basis of Severe Viral Diseases – The Case of Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses
Envelope Protein Env of the Foamy Virus (FV) – Where the Virus Encounters Host Cells and the Immune System
IMPRINT - Early Immunological Imprint of Susceptibility to Infection in Adults
ARCOTRA - Impact of ARbovirus CO-infections on Transmission by Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
Find all the postdoctoral fellows awarded through our thematic Post-Doc project calls.
FLYome: Defining the dynamic relationship between Trypanosoma brucei and the tsetse fly - Lucy Glover Lab
Development of dermal trypanosomes: a focus on their differentiation into tsetse-transmissible forms - Brice Rotureau & Philippe Bastin Lab
Host factors important for Oropouche virus infection - Laurent Meertens & Ali Amara Lab
Epigenetics and infection: Understanding the structure and function of an unusual bacterial histone methyltransferase - Carmen Buchrieser Lab
S. pneumoniae (Spn) colonization of the nasopharyngeal mucosa of humans - Mélanie Hamon Lab
Analysis and modelling of infectious diseases epidemics to support evidence based policy making in France - Simon Cauchemez Lab
Development of live attenuated malaria vaccines - Rogerio Amino Lab
Cross-presentation from live cells by human conventional DC, plasmacytoid DC and potential pDC subpopulations elicited by HIV-infected cells, but not AS-DC - Anne Hosmalin Lab
how methanogenic archaea and bacteria of the Negativicutes group influence the host and what are the consequences in terms of human health - Simonetta Gribaldo Lab
Metabolic adaptation of African trypanosomes in the dermis - Brice Rotureau & Philippe Bastin Lab
High-throughput metabolomics analysis to rapidly acquire metabolic fingerprinting specific to MoA/therapeutic targets - Ivo Gomperts-Boneca Lab
Short- and long-term impacts of COVID-19 on AMR in healthcare settings
Investigating host susceptibility factors to maternal-fetal listeriosis
Survival of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus in the environment: modeling tick infection with Hazara virus and characterizing tick antiviral immunity mechanisms
Neutrophil decision making: what determines the mechanisms of Neisseria meningiditis clearance in human blood vessels?
Investigation how eukaryotic domain capture might work: the evolution of a bacterial effector
MeTryDer – Metabolic adaptation of African trypanosomes in the dermis
Conjugative Killer plasmids as an alternative to antibiotics – CoKiP
Rapid and robust in cellulo cryo electron tomography at molecular resolution of discrete infection steps of human pathogens via novel cryo CLEM techniques
Metabolic characterization of malaria parasite crystalloid and determination of its role as an essential nutrient reservoir
Microbiological monitoring: new horizons for tick-borne diseases
The role of the VEX protein complex in the insect to mammalianhost transition
Phage-plasmids: a genetic bridge between two worlds with consequences for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes
A new mechanism to maintain the outer envelope in diderm Firmicutes: implications for the Gram-negative/Gram-positive transition
Optimizing Antibiotics and VAccines in populations to Prevent infections with Antibiotic Resistant bacteria (AVAPAR project)
Viral genetic determinants of Zika virus transmissibility by mosquitoes
ZIKV infection and pathogenesis during pregnancy: Impact of Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins
Genetic basis of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia
Identifying and targeting the basis for Helicobacter pylori morphology
In vivo characterisation of the macromolecular influenza polymerase – host RNA polymerase II cap-snatching complex
Modeling viral infections of the central nervous system using induced human pluripotent stem cell and development of antiviral therapies.
Paradoxical reaction in Buruli ulcer as a model for the study of human genetics of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Molecular and cellular basis of Dengue virus entry into host cells
The role and validation of novel protective antigens from malaria pre-erythrocytic stages
Proteo-transcriptomics of Anopheles –Plasmodium vivax interactions towards identification of malaria transmission blocking targets
Comparative genomics of innate immunity in humans and non-human primates
Identification of potential pathogens.within metaviromes of reservoir species : the case of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe
Exploring biology of anaerobic biofilms formation by Clostridium difficile and their roles in pathogenesis and relapse of the C. difficile infection
Deciphering Shigella cross¬talks with human colonic immune cells
Understanding the rise of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli
Discovery of factors and mechanisms involved in the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as causative agent of tuberculosis
Investigation of the possible transmission of a dysbiotic microbiota from mothers to their offspring in the context of chronic malnutrition and environmental enteropathy
Role and long-term impact of H3 deacetylation during infection with Listeria monocytogenes
Structural vaccinology in Bunyavirus
Complexity of bacterial pneumonia: understanding the impact of the lung microbiome on the severity of infection and the transmission of antibiotic resistance
Study of the mechanism of replication coordination between the two chromosomes of Vibrio cholerae
Unraveling the initial differentiation of metacyclic African trypanosomes in the skin after natural transmission
Viral genomic surveillance and human genome sequencing for improvement of detection, management and treatments of patients to control of Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
Heterogeneity of CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) conformations: Characterization in living cells, molecular mechanisms and consequences on HIV pathogenesis and inhibition
Study of the neonatal BREG lymphocytes – Group B streptococcus interaction in neonatal sepsis.
Redox signaling of biofilm differentiation and dispersal in bacterial biofilms
Mieux comprendre les dynamiques de propagation des maladies infectieuses émergentes dans les populations, dans l’espace et dans le temps
Mechanisms of vascular damage during sepsis
Effect of host-parasite interaction on the outcome of malaria infection
Functional characterization of mosquito genes involved in dengue virus transmission identified by RNA-seq at the individual midgut level
Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of two epidemic and multidrug resistant bacterial populations: Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga’s bacillus) and Salmonella Kentucky ST198
Pathogenesis of enterovirus 71, a human emerging encephalitogenic virus
Legionella pneumophila nucleomodulins : characterization and identification of their targets in the host
Experimental evolution of arboviruses during natural transmission: identifying evolutionary trajectories and predicting emergence events
Bayesian Monitoring of the Pandemic Risk of Emerging Infectious Diseases
Study of Chikungunya virus replication and entry into mammalian cells
Identification of ticks molecules that contribute to tick-borne pathogens transmission
Importance of trypanosome motility during the early infection in the mammalian host
Find all the doctoral candidates awarded through our thematic doctoral thesis project calls.
Role of ACE2 organization in SARS-CoV-2 entry in host cells - END OF THESIS - Jost Enninga Lab
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skin wound infection by Staphylococcus aureus and its control by innovative therapies - END OF THESIS - Olivier Dussurget & Javier Pizarro-Cerda Lab
A novel type of Plasmodium parasite multiplication (Pasteur-Paris University international program) - END OF THESIS - Rogerio Amino & Susanna Celli Lab
Defining the role of Leishmania/macrophage interaction in priming protective and permissive immune responses in resistant and susceptible animal models - END OF THESIS - Gerald Spaeth Lab
How tick-borne flaviviruses hijack the cell: dangerous liaisons between viral RNAand cellular proteins in human hosts and Ixodes ricinus ticks - END OF THESIS - Nicole Pavio Lab
Autosomal recessive RARRES3 deficiency as a novel genetic etiology of tuberculosis (TB) - END OF THESIS - Laurent Abel Lab
The diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula as a model to discover new players involved in the biogenesis of the bacterial outer membrane - 4th YEAR - Simonetta Gribaldo Lab
Characterisation of a novel proviral function of Vago genes during dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes - 4th YEAR - Louis Lambrechts Lab
Study of the contribution of the icm/dot type IVB secretion system in the pathogenicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains responsible for Far Eastern scarlatiniform fever (FESLF) - 4th YEAR - Javier Pizarro-Cerda Lab
Molecular bases of arenavirus dsRNA recognition by intracellular sensors - 4th YEAR - Sylvain Baize Lab
Study of Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Bacteroides - 4th YEAR - Jean-Marc Ghigo Lab
Plasmid-bacteria interaction and chromosomal integration of resistance genes in the emergence of carbapenemase producing E. coli - 4th YEAR - Philippe Glaser Lab
Biosynthesis and function of the cell wall β-1,6-glucans in Candida albicans - 4th YEAR - Christophe d’Enfert Lab
Auto-antibodies neutralizing type I interferons and their role in severe viral infections - 4th YEAR - Laurent Abel Lab
Influence of arbovirus co-infection on viral transmission in the Aedes aegypti mosquito - 4th YEAR - Anna-Bella Failloux Lab
A novel type of Plasmodium parasite multiplication (Pasteur-Paris University international program) - Rogerio Amino & Susanna Celli Lab
Historical, Evolutionary and Functional analysis of Iron-Sulfur cluster biosynthesis in procaryotes (Pasteur-Paris University international program) - Frédéric Barras Lab
Discovery and functional characterization of new genetic defects responsible for tuberculosis - Laurent Abel Lab
Dynamics of coccoid formation in Helicobacter pylori and its role in pathogenicity - Ivo Gomperts-Boneca Lab
How tick-borne flaviviruses hijack the cell: dangerous liaisons between viral RNAand cellular proteins in human hosts and Ixodes ricinus ticks - Nicole Pavio & Stephan Zientara Lab
Deciphering the role of FHL1 in chikungunya virus infection and disease - Thérèse Couderc & Marc Lecuit & Ali Amara Lab
Biosynthesis and function of the cell wall β-1,6-glucans in Candida albicans - Christophe D'Enfert Lab
New phage-based genetic delivery tools for in vivo functional study of Bacteroidetes in host-associated microbiomes - Jean-Marc Ghigo Lab
Genetic and functional characterization of host factors influencing susceptibility to Zika virus in mice - Xavier Montagutelli Lab
Genetic Dissection of Recurrent Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Infections in Humans - Jacinta Bustamante Lab
Molecular determinants of the interactions between Segmented Filamentous bacterium and the gut epithelium - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan Lab
Influence of an insect-specific flavivirus on dengue virus transmission by mosquitoes - Louis Lambrechts Lab
Study of the impact of microbiota on genome dynamics in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans - Mélanie Legrand & Christophe d'Enfert Lab
Elucidate the RNA turnover in single mycobacterial cells as a source of noise and adaptation - Giulia Manina Lab
Dynamics of bacterial cell shape and its role in pathogenicity - Nienke Buddelmeijer Lab
Identification of the Host-Factors involved in Integron Integrase-Mediated Recombination - Didier Mazel Lab
Role of Leishmania casein kinase 1 isoform 2 in host-pathogen interactions - Najma Rachidi Lab
Deciphering the fundamental antimicrobial peptide gene regulatory network to specifically manipulate the expression of antimicrobial effectors - Brice Sperandio Lab
Genetic control and robustness of cell-wall synthesis - Sven van Teeffelen Lab
Human infection by zoonotic simian foamy viruses: specific adaptive immune response with study of the antiviral activity of antibodies and specific T lymphocytes - Florence Buseyne, Antoine Gessain Lab
Formation and functions of anaerobic bacterial biofilms - Jean-Marc Ghigo Lab
Characterization of the emergence of Group B streptococcus neonatal infections - Philippe Glaser Lab
Mechanistic understanding of the early steps of Chikungunya virus entry into the host cell - Félix Rey & Thérèse Couderc Lab
Role of viral piRNAs on RNAi-mediated antiviral response - Carla Saleh Lab
Integrative network analysis of dengue genome-wide association studies - Benno Schwikowski Lab
Impact of influenza A virus PB1 polymerase on the intrinsic genetic diversity of viral populations, pathogenesis and host specificity - Sylvie van der Werf Lab
The Labex IBEID maintains an emergency funding program constantly open to develop rapid responses to any health challenge.
Stephan Zientara - UMR Virology - ANSES
Exceptional Circulation Situation of West Nile and Usutu Arboviruses in Livestock in Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
Pablo Guardado-Calvo - G5 Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases - Institut Pasteur
Deciphering the Molecular Mechanisms of the Antiviral TPOXX against Monkeypox
Ali Amara - UMR Biology of Emerging Viruses - Institut de recherche Saint-Louis
Identification of Host Cell Proteins Associated with the Genome of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Etienne simon-Lorière - G5 - Institut Pasteur
Short Amplicon-Based Sequencing Technique for Low-Input Samples of SARS-CoV-2
Sylvie Van der Werf - Institut Pasteur
CoV-2 Sensing - Towards Controlled Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by the Innate Immune System
Olivier Schwartz - Institut Pasteur
CoronaFusion - SARS-CoV2 fusion, replication and host response.
Sylvie Van der Werf - Institut Pasteur
Profiling of Intra-Viral and Virus-Host Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 Focused on Innate Immunity Signaling
Marco Vignuzzi - Institut Pasteur
SARS-DVG - Defective Viral Genomes as Antiviral Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2
Marc Eloit - Institut Pasteur
SARS-CoV2-LIPS - Antibody Profiling in Convalescent Patients and Development of a Serological Test Applied to an Epidemiological Survey in Individuals Exposed to SARS-CoV-2
Jean-Claude Manuguerra - Institut Pasteur
Development of New Murine Models for Lyme Disease Using Collaborative Cross Mice
Javier Pizarro-Cerda - Institut Pasteur
Genomic Analysis of Yersinia pestis Strains Isolated During the Atypical Plague Epidemic of 2017 in Madagascar
Harold Noel - Santé Publique France
Dynamics and Determinants of Local Transmission of Dengue Virus in Southern France
Damien Vitour - EnvA
Outbreak of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4 in Corsica (France) in 2017
Arnaud Fontanet - Institut Pasteur
Surveillance of Zika-Related Microcephaly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
The Stellaris 8 Falcon scanning confocal system (Leica Gmbh) is a state-of-the-art scanning confocal microscope. Coupled with innovative modules, the device provides access to a wealth of information about biological samples, including host-pathogen interactions and cellular environments, which were previously only accessible to experienced practitioners of this technique. The system benefits from advancements in the industry in extending both the light source and detectors into the infrared range. This not only allows light to penetrate deeper into the sample but also enables scientists to expand the possibilities of fluorescence labeling and multiplexing, thereby harnessing the latest developments in fluorescent probes.
This system is also equipped with more complex imaging modalities such as Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) and Fluorescence Correlative Spectroscopy (FCS), which enable functional imaging. The capabilities offered by this system, as well as its ergonomic design, provide access to a modality that was previously reserved for experts. With this new tool, scientists can now better quantify host-pathogen interactions and gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, thereby identifying appropriate treatments to counteract them.
This equipment is available thanks to the support of the Labex IBEID within the Photonics Bioimaging Platform (UTechS PBI) at the Pasteur Institute. Find all the information:
https://research.pasteur.fr/fr/team/photonic-bioimaging-utechs-pbi/
The Orbitrap Exploris 480 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) comprises an atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion source interfaced to a radiofrequency ion funnel via a high-capacity transfer tube (HCTT), a quadrupole mass filter, a C-trap, an ion-routing multipole (IRM), and an ultra-high-field Orbitrap mass analyzer. Ions are generated at atmospheric pressure (in this work, in a micro-electrospray ion source), pass through the HCTT to the ion funnel as described in Martins et al., then via a flat pole for selective mass injection as described in Scheltema et al., in a curved flat mast.
This equipment is available thanks to the support of the Labex IBEID within the Mass Spectrometry for Biology Platform (UTechS MSBio) at the Pasteur Institute. Find all the information:
https://research.pasteur.fr/fr/team/mass-spectrometry-for-biology/
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